Thailand is experiencing a significant surge in data center development, driven by the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) applications. This expansion presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly in terms of energy needs and sustainability.
Energy Demands of AI Data Centers
AI workloads, particularly those involving large language models and generative AI, are extremely power-intensive. For example, AI servers can consume between 10 and 20 kilowatts per unit, in contrast to 3.5 and 10 kilowatts for general servers. This heightened power density requires the implementation of advanced cooling systems and efficient energy management to sustain optimal operating conditions.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that data centers worldwide accounted for 1.3% of total electricity consumption in 2022, with a significant portion attributed to the operation of cooling systems. In tropical regions like Thailand, where cooling demands are higher, data centers can consume up to 40% of their electricity for air conditioning, exceeding the global average of 30%.
Renewable Energy Initiatives
To tackle these challenges, Thailand is investing in renewable energy sources. A local power company plans to add 900 megawatts of new renewable capacity by 2025, focusing on solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. This expansion aims to meet the rising energy demands of the data center sector while supporting the country’s sustainability goals.
Additionally, the Thai government is implementing the Utility Green Tariff (UGT) program, which allows industrial users to purchase electricity from certified renewable sources. This initiative is expected to commence in late 2024, offering data center operators greater access to clean energy options.
Infrastructure Developments
Prominent technology firms worldwide are significantly committing resources to enhance Thailand’s digital infrastructure. Google has announced plans for a $1 billion investment to establish a data center and cloud region in Bangkok and Chonburi, aiming to drive artificial intelligence innovations across Southeast Asia. In a similar vein, TikTok is set to invest $3.8 billion into a data hosting initiative in Thailand, further solidifying the nation’s role as a regional hub for digital activities.
Strategic Considerations
Exploring alternative energy sources, including small modular nuclear reactors, could provide reliable 24/7 power to meet the continuous energy needs of data centers.
Thailand’s ambition to become a regional digital hub is driving significant investments in AI data centers. While this presents opportunities for economic growth, it also underscores the need for strategic planning in energy infrastructure to ensure sustainable development.
Thailand has studied and researched the prospect of nuclear energy. An American nuclear engineering firm produced a feasibility study on nuclear power in Thailand, which was commissioned by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in 2008 to assess the viability of introducing nuclear energy into the country’s power generation mix. The study aimed to evaluate various aspects, including site selection, safety standards, environmental considerations, and public acceptance.
Key Findings and Recommendations
Site Evaluation:
The firm identified 15 potential sites for nuclear power plants, considering factors such as environmental impact, geological stability, and proximity to water sources for cooling purposes. The study recommended narrowing this list to five sites for further consideration.
The study narrowed the list to five primary sites:
- Surat Thani (Southern Thailand)
- Nakhon Si Thammarat (Southern Thailand)
- Trat (Eastern Thailand, bordering Cambodia)
- Nakhon Sawan (Central Thailand, approximately 200 km north of Bangkok)
- Ubon Ratchathani (Northeastern Thailand, near the Laos border)
However, local opposition in Surat Thani and Nakhon Si Thammarat led to their exclusion from further consideration. Consequently, Ubon Ratchathani and Nakhon Sawan emerged as the primary locations for the proposed nuclear power plants.
Technology Assessment:
The study examined various reactor technologies, including pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors, to identify the most suitable option for meeting Thailand’s energy needs.
Cost Analysis:
An economic evaluation was conducted to estimate the construction and operational costs of nuclear power plants, providing a basis for financial planning and investment decisions.
Public Engagement:
Recognizing the importance of public acceptance, EGAT initiated a public relations campaign to inform and engage local communities about the benefits and safety measures associated with nuclear power.
Challenges and Delays
Despite the comprehensive nature of the study, the implementation of nuclear power in Thailand faced significant challenges. Public opposition, particularly after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, led to delays and a reevaluation of the nuclear energy program.
As of 2025, Thailand has not proceeded with the construction of nuclear power plants, and the feasibility study remains a historical document that reflects the country’s initial exploration of nuclear energy.
In Thailand, the regulatory body overseeing nuclear power is the Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP), which establishes the legal framework governing this sector. The principal legislation is the Nuclear Energy for Peace Act, enacted in B.E. 2559 (2016), a successor to the Atomic Energy for Peace Act of 1961. This legislation led to the establishment of the Nuclear Energy for Peace Commission, chaired by the Prime Minister, which was tasked with overseeing policies related to nuclear energy, ensuring adherence to safety protocols, and enforcing compliance regulations. The framework comprises approximately 56 Ministerial Regulations and 67 official Notices, including the 2020 Ministerial Regulation on Permitting Nuclear Facilities (B.E. 2563), which outlines the requirements for obtaining operational permits for nuclear facilities.
By 2025, Thailand’s Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) is expected to release approximately 56 Ministerial Regulations and 67 Notices under the Nuclear Energy for Peace Act B.E. 2559 (2016). Collectively, these regulations and notices establish a comprehensive framework that governs the licensing, operation, and safety measures for nuclear and radiation facilities across the nation. Notable regulations include:
- Ministerial Regulation on Permitting Nuclear Facilities B.E. 2563 (2020): This regulation specifies the requirements and procedures for securing permits to operate nuclear facilities in Thailand. It encompasses details regarding the application process, safety standards, and compliance measures that operators must adhere to ensure the safe utilization of nuclear energy throughout the country.
- Ministerial Regulation on Radiation Safety B.E. 2561 (2018): This regulation establishes safety standards and procedures for using radiation in various applications, with the goal of protecting public health and the environment.
- Ministerial Regulation on Providing Radiation Safety Officers B.E. 2564 (2021): This regulation prescribes the requirements for appointing and certifying radiation safety officers to ensure proper oversight and compliance with radiation safety standards.
- Ministerial Regulation on Radioactive Waste Management B.E. 2561 (2018): This regulation addresses the management of radioactive waste, including its storage, transportation, and disposal, to minimize environmental and health risks.
- Ministerial Regulation on Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities B.E. 2563 (2020): This regulation provides guidelines for the safe and compliant decommissioning of nuclear facilities, ensuring that such processes are conducted in accordance with environmental and health standards.
To access a comprehensive collection of in-depth information regarding all Ministerial Regulations and Notices released by the Office of Agricultural Policy (OAP), please visit the official OAP website at www.oap.go.th. This platform provides access to the complete texts of these regulations and notices, as well as other relevant documents.
The OAP is responsible for regulating the peaceful use of nuclear energy and radiation, ensuring safety, and coordinating international commitments. It operates under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation. It collaborates with other agencies such as the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) and the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT).
Currently, Thailand does not have nuclear power plants but utilizes nuclear technology for medical, industrial, and research purposes. The TRR-1/M1 research reactor, located in Bangkok and operational since 1977, is a key facility for producing medical isotopes and conducting neutron imaging.
Looking ahead, Thailand is considering the incorporation of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) into its energy mix to boost energy security and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The ongoing review of the Power Development Plan 2024 (PDP, 2024) includes plans for the installation of a 600-megawatt small modular reactor (SMR). Additionally, the government has entered a Memorandum of Understanding with China National Nuclear Corporation Overseas Ltd. (CNOS) to facilitate knowledge and technology exchange for the development of small modular reactors (SMRs).
Thailand is widely acknowledged as a participant in the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ), which obligates its member nations to abstain from the development, production, or ownership of nuclear arms. In addition, Thailand has formed a 123 Agreement with the United States to advance peaceful nuclear collaboration and the transfer of nuclear materials and components.
Thailand’s nuclear power regulations are designed to ensure safety, maintain compliance with international standards, and facilitate the gradual integration of nuclear technology into its energy strategy. Although the country currently lacks nuclear power plants, it is actively preparing for their future development, with a focus on small modular reactors (SMRs) as a sustainable energy solution.
Conclusion: Toward Sustainable Digital Leadership
Thailand’s digital transformation is strategically aligned with its clean energy goals. With significant investments from global tech leaders, innovative renewable energy programs like the Utility Green Tariff (UGT), and forward-thinking nuclear feasibility studies—including the integration of small modular reactors (SMRs)—Thailand is positioning itself not just as a regional player but as a leader in sustainable digital infrastructure.
By integrating clean energy with advanced regulatory frameworks and infrastructure investment, Thailand provides a resilient model for other Southeast Asian nations facing the energy demands of artificial intelligence and data center expansion. The country’s regulatory foresight, combined with its involvement in international nuclear cooperation frameworks, shows a balanced and pragmatic approach to digital growth and climate responsibility.
The information provided here is for discussion and informational purposes only. It is crucial to note that nothing in this article should be or can be relied on as legal advice. Given the potential legal complexities, it is always advisable to seek professional legal counsel.
For any questions, you may contact Formichella & Sritawat at [email protected]
© Formichella & Sritawat Attorneys at Law
About the Authors
John Formichella has previously worked as an in-house counsel for the EPC contractor managing the balance of plant and as the Owner’s Engineer for the nuclear island of the Taiwan Fourth Nuclear Power Project.
Naytiwut Jamallsawat is not only a distinguished authority in Telecommunications, Media, and Technology law, but has also played a pivotal role in shaping power plant regulations and licensing in Thailand, advising on a multitude of small power plant projects.